Dear Year 11 students,
On Oct. 6, 2009 next week, in TOEFL class, you are going to have your 1st writing class with iBT TOEFL integrated writing task to be prepared and delivered by Ms. Betsy herself.
In the end of the class, between 2p.m. and 2.30p.m., please copy-and-paste your writing on the comment field below.
I will be printing out your works for Ms. Betsy at 2.45p.m.
SIR
As requested by Ms. Tantri, TOEFL course coordinator,
from Trisakti School of Tourism
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
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Exercise 92: Academic Topics
Summaries of Textbooks and Lectures
From the consensus theory and the structural functionalism in 1950s, the field of sociology assumed that deviant behavior appeared from the standard social norms. Social deviants can be easily identified, that they doesn't fulfill all of the standard social norms. Those people in the society would be considered normal.
But, another theory was formed these days, and the name is Labeling Theory. Labeling Theory says that people who are labeled as having disorders usually do things that they are labeled for. One of the examples is the Rosenhan study. Staffs of the hospital labeled the investigators that they got schizophrenia, a psychiatric disorder. Just because of the first report said that they got the symptoms, expectations are created. These expectations can determine the treatment of patients - in this case, the investigators - even though the symptoms are different from the original reports.
Therefore, labeling theories requires consideration of the environment in which the behaviors toward the labeled people take place. People who interact with the labeled people must contribute to their behavior by creating a perfect environment so that the deviant activity is encouraged.
Leonard A.W.
XI-BC / 12
The passage tells us about labeling theory. This theory tells us, if someone who is normal being labeled to have deviant behavior, other people will see his/her as what is he/she labeled. And it is related to what the professor told about Rosenhan experiment. Rosenhan make several groups and each group went to the different hospital. Everyone in the groups wasn’t suffering schizophrenia. They came to the hospital to be treated as a person with schizophrenia. They were acting normal in the hospital, but the staffs treat them as a person with schizophrenia. The staffs just saw them as what is he labeled and they don’t recognize that they were normal until two months. The other patient with schizophrenia felt that they were normal or germless. So label can change other people point of view and the way they treat someone, because label create expectations. Expectations make other people just see another people just as what are they labeled.
Exercise 92 : Academic Topics
Summaries of textbooks and lectures
The lecturer is talking about the Rosenhan study which is the study of treatment using labels. His lecture strengthens the passage which is also talking about the deviant behavior.
First, labeling method which is the method Rosenhan and his friend try in several hospitals where some patients of schizophrenia were there. They found that the labeling method can change someone’s thinking. When some normal people in the hospital were being labeled by Rosenhan, they show the symptom of schizophrenia. The same with the people that labeled in the study of deviant behavior which will behave as that label attach to them.
Second, when the people in Rosenhan’s method being taken to other hospitals, they are normal and didn’t show any symptoms as same as the people in the behavior study who were not show any different from others.
Third, environmental supports are important here where it is the labeled people take place. Both for the Rosenhan’s method people and the people in Deviant behavior.
Hans Tannady
XI-BC/5
Summary exercise 92
In 1950's, sociology is held onto consensus theory, which tells that there are preset of social norm, and deviant behaviour resulted in violation of the norm. Now, the new, more accurate theory is replacing consensus theory, is labeling theory. The theory tell us that deviant behaviour is caused by expectation of the society. The people who being labeled will think that it is true, altough not. It will make he/she acting according to the label.
One study the labeling theory is Rosenham study, in which some investigators are sent to physiciatric with schizophrenia report, but it is a false report. Then after accepted, they behave normally. The staff did not question the original diagnoses and thinking that is the schizophrenic symptoms. Altough the patient did know they are not ill, they even question them thinking they are journalists or professor. After two months, the phsyciatric release them with note the symptom is not active at the moment
The study conclude that labeling can create expectation, even without symptoms
Writing task
Rosenhan's theory
The textbook says about an "abnormal" researcher, Rosenhan who said that labels can create expectations and furthermore expectations can influence treatments. The text said that people who have deviant behavior could justifiably be identified as social deviants, which is connected with Rosenhan's theorem. To prove his theorem, some of the investigators were sent to some of the hospitals for two months which treat patients who suffer from schizophrenia. After a few investigations, they find some of them were not actually ill, they may have some diagnosis disorders.
Furthermore, the staff did not realize that the investigators were not ill, only the patients did. Some of them asked the investigators whether they were professors. The staff just expects that the investigators were suffering from schizophrenia too because of the labeling effect on diagnosis. Although they behaved normally and having absence of symptoms, staff just treats all of them relies on the expectations of the influenced staff. In other words, Rosenhan study has purposes to discover the false treatment of people who had diagnosis disorders that caused by the labeling theory. Once again, labels can create expectations, and expectations influence treatment in absence of symptoms
Johan Chrisnata
XI BC - 08
In 1950, there are some deviant behaviors among the people. The deviant behavior could be something like the violation of those social norms. Because of the deviance, the labeling theory is being applied into the medical world. Someone with different symptoms labeled different one to another. With some different treatment, the result comes out after 2 months. Some of the suspect said that they do not feel anything wrong with them but some other said yes. Labels create expectations, and because of expectation, it influenced the staffs. However, labeling has some negative point of view, such as: making someone treated to be what they labeled them. It has some social problems and need to be improved.
Samuel Radja
Nb: if I am the rater, I will rate this 0. :b
The professor told us about Rosenhan study. Rosenhan study is about the effect labeling on diagnosis treatment in psychiatric disorders. The purpose of this study is find out how initial diagnosis schizophrenia affected treatment method. He sent investigators, which is normal but reported symptom to several hospitals. The inspectors were behaved normally in two months but interpreted symptomatic. Then the result is expectation of being disorders influenced staff but medical staff reported they are all in normal condition. Many people do not believe the inspectors are initially normal because the behavior is same like patient in that hospital. It shows that environment affect people’s behavior.
The passage also said that people, who are labeled, actually might come from the expectation from his/her environment. It is part of labeling theory which is written in the passage.
To conclude, labels create expectations and expectations affect treatment even in absence of symptoms.
James Liman
XI-BC 07
It was said that infants do not have any communication skill. But this is wrong by several experiments that some scientists did. For example, Prof. Spilberg Spellgate make an experiment where a child was offered by several choices, and still can make a decision. Robert Fants made his experiment with displaying 2 visual choices to baby. By looking to a visual longer than the other visual, baby has made his/her preference, even the preference is not very convincing. On the other side, Johnson and Colleagues has also made an experiment about this. They made 3 choices for the baby, which is the normal face, the scrambled face, and the last is blank. Babies made the normal face as his/her preference. By this experiment, we can see that babies are fast to learn, and organize their world. Even the 1 day infant has this ability. This statement shows that infants have amazingly great basic understanding about nature a lot, and need to know nature more. Babies have to prepare his mental representation of people quickly, in order to survive in the world and nature.
Samuel Radja/ XI BC / 17
Tuesday, October 06, 2009
Toefl exercise, 2nd try
Lilie Fransiska
The passage tell us about sociology embraced consensus theory, or structural functionalism, which give standard for normal and abnormal behavior in social norms.
Now, there is more modern theory, labeling theory. Labeling theory can label people that having abnormal or normal behavior. And, it will make social expectation. People who related to who are labeled will also contribute to form who are labeled behavior.
The purpose of the Rosenhan study is to know the effect of false diagnosis on psychiatric hospital. Rosenhan send his team to the psychiatric hospital and make them like a schizophrenic patient. Investigators report that although they behaved normally during the period of their confinement, the hospital staff will label their behavior as abnormal.
In conclusion, labeling theory is important because it can form some one who labeled behavior. Labels also can create an expectation and expectation will influence in a treatment.
Summary exercise 93
Infants do not have communication skills to tell their preferences. One way to recognize their option is by interference, or preference staring. It was studied by Robert Fantz
First, he display 2 pictures in front of the infant. By taking how long the baby stare the picture, he can tell which picture is the infant choose. Because the picture is stationary and isolated, the experiment is said too idealistic. So Robert try again, now with 3 pictures each having a picture of face, scrambled face, and blank picture, group of infants, and moving pictures. The latter experiments is considered success and concluded that even one day old prefer to see face than scrambled face or blank.
Following Robert is Elizabeth, who now work in Harvard universities. Elizabeth has developed many experiment connected to preferential staring. She states that this abilities is one of the tool infants use to learning their surrounding. She believes that the neuron modules are developed in birth and must use as soon as possible. She also tell that this abilities is the one that makes human as a species
The lecture and the textbook passage tell us about social behavior in a community. The lecture gives some details and examples to support what are described in the textbook passage.
Firstly, the consensus theory or structural functionalism emerged in 1950s. When there were some deeds that are not suitable with the social norms, the deeds are categorized as deviances.
Then, recently, labeling theory seems to appear in the societies. When we labeled someone, the individual will adapt their behavior to what they are labeled. It tells that sometimes what we expect can influence what the treatment to the subject we are talking about. For example, there are a study by Rosenhan and his team to know about the effect labeling on diagnosis.
They go to different hospital and report that they suffer schizophrenia. Actually the investigators are normal but labeled as patients who suffer from disorder. Later on, they discover that expectation from the staff hospital influence they treatments to the investigators. After two months, the patients begin to ask whether they are suffering from that disorder or not.
So the conclusion from the textbook and the lecture is that someone’s label can create an expectation which influences how the others treat that person.
Joses XI-BC / 09
Exercise 93: Academic Topics
Summaries of Textbooks and Lectures
We know that infants do not gave the skills of communication that allow them to show their needs, wants, likes and dislikes. That's why infants use their perception to show their preferences to us.
Robert Fantz developed a technique to analyze the infants. He used an infant as a test subject, and show the infant two visual choices. Johnson and his colleagues also performed the same research, with a slight difference with Fantz technique. He use three visuals - a perfect face, a scrambled face and a blank visuals. Johnson's reseach tell us that the infants preffered to look at the perfect face than looking at the scrambled face and blank visual.
This technique was also used by Elizabeth, that she gathered a large numbers of infants to study the knowledge that the infants have. The research said that infants have the basic cognitive skills and neuromodule, which the infants obtained at birth. Neuromodule makes baby can make mental images of human faces and objects around them. That explains why kids can "create" their own world in rapid state.
Leonard A.W.
XI-BC / 12
The lecture discuss about Elizabeth Spelke’s research. Spelke is a professor from Harvard University. She has a lot of experiment on preferential starring which for examples is discussed in the reading passage. The passage shows that infants are showing preferences by looks at each visually. It is determine on how long they look at it and it shows their preferences.
There was also a research showing that babies prefer to look at face in a correct order. This research is based on the experiments when pictures of humans face are shown in three figures, one is the correct placement of facial stuff, second is scrambled face, and the third is blank picture. Babies show a preference to the figure showing face in a correct placement.
Spelke said that preferential starring is one of the basic cognitive skill which distinct humans as a species. Babies are having mental representation which are the familiar objects, spatial, and the numerical. These are the foundation to learn and organize their world at a rapid rate.
These foundations are parts of the natures. It is showing how relatively important of heredity and environment. Spelke’s conclusion lead to the origin of human knowledge is leading to a human legacy.
ALVIN VIMALA VIRYA
Felik Junvianto – Exercise 93
Because that baby do not have any communication skill to state their preference, perhaps that by studying their tendency would give us a clue about how they express their preference. Robert Fantz, who is concerns on this problem, tried to develop a technique to study infant’s way to state their preferences.
An infant is simultaneously presented with two visual objects. The investigator then record how long the infant stared at each visual object. From the record, it is assumed that baby will express it’s preference by looking at one object longer than the other.
Robert Fantz hypothesized that by presenting the same choices several times, or changing the baby’s position when looking at the choices, will not affect the baby’s choice, they will still track on the same visual object, and that would indicate preference.
On an experiment conducted by Johnson and colleagues, babies were shown three pictures. One is a face picture which is drawn properly, the other is a face picture which is drawn in a scrambled way, and the last is a blank page. Based from the result, it is concluded that even a day old baby would prefer to look at the first picture, which is a face picture drawn properly, than the other two pictures.
Elizabeth Spelke from Harvard University gives an interest at the same problem. We know that baby tends to look a new object it never seen before longer than the other object. Based on that fact, she has conducted tons of experiments related to how infant would state their preferences. She found the same thing, that infant would express the preference by starring. She concerns that foundation of human learning is part of nature of human being. “The origin of human knowledge is fundamental of human legacy”, she said.
Task 93
The professor in the lecture was talking about the additional idea from the passage. They were talking about infants’ ability to recognize something and adapt in this world.
First, the professor talk that from the simple experiment of Robert Fantz, a professor named Elizabeth Spelke found that when infant look at something for the first time, it will surprise and staring for a long period. It is strengthen with the passage that said baby will choose to look at an object for a long time, it will got preferences.
Second, it is about the infants’ thinking method building. In Fantz’s method, he use the method to show the baby 3 models which are the normal one it’s the picture of a normal face, the scrambled face, and a blank and from here he found that baby would prefer the normal models. And this is strengthen with the lecture that baby can quickly build mental representation of people and understand these things will be the fundamental of knowing the human being.
Hans Tannady
XI-BC / 5
Lilie Fransiska
The passage and the lecture are talk about infant ability to present their preferences. Although the infant do not have communication skill, the researchers have way to know the infant’s preferences.
According to the passage, the researchers can know the infant preferences with the infant’s eyes movement. For example, researchers will give the infant three pictures. First, picture with normally face. Second, picture with the facial features scrambled. And then, the researchers will give the blank paper. The result is almost of the babies will look at picture with normally face longer than another picture.
The lecture said that present our preferences is our cognitive skill. Although the babies were young, they also have an ability to present their preferences. For example, if the researchers give the babies something new or surprises, they will look at the object for long time. It tells us that, the infant also have an ability to make choices about something.
Billy Sugiarto
Robert Fantz, developed the technique to show the infants preference. He used visual ways to see the infant’s response. When the infant see some visual longer than the other, it means that infants show a preference.
And this technique continued by Johnson that Johnson makes three visual. The first visual is human face with complete feature such as mouth, eyes, nose, ears, and all of them are in the correct position. The second visual is human face with also complete features, but, they are in the scrambled position. The last visual is that the human face, without any features, only blank face. With these three visual, the researcher record the infant’s eye movement.
The result of this experiment is that the infant prefer to see the correct visual than the other scrambled face nor the blank face visual.
Elisabeth Spelke says that infants might learn from this skill until when they are grown enough they are just like us, can communicate well. What Elisabteh Spelke said, becomes argument in many places that infants know about the environment and that is the way for human being.
The lecture is the further explanation from what are told in the passage. The main idea in the passage is to tell how infants show their preferences although they can't speak. Furthermore, the lecture tells us that people as human beings start their learning from early age (infants).
To begin with, the infants can't communicate properly to choose the things they prefer. So there are several experiments done to analyze their preferences. Firstly, we can know by record the time for the infants to look at an object and compare the result to another object. However, that way is not convincing. Fortunately, Johnson and colleagues find another way to know the preference. It is by showing the infants several objects and changing their positions. After that, the infants will track the things they like most. From that we will know what the infants prefer.
The lecture informs that it is a tendency for people from infants to elders to look at something new and surprising. That means something we like. From infants, we learn and organize our worlds in our own ways. The foundation of human learning is a part of human living. Besides that, human knowledge is really fundamentally important in human legacy.
Joses XI-BC / 09
Writing task
Exercise 93 : Academic Topics
Preferences of Infants
The text says about the way how infants state their preferences although they have not been able to communicate yet. Robert Fantsz developed a technique using an eye staring of babies. Furthermore, infants usually look at the object that attracts them longer than the object that does not attract them. The professor said that the preferential experiments like staring, assess a general knowledge without the benefit of prior experience. It is such a marvelous thing to know how infants expand their ability to communicate and say their preferences.
In an experiment, when there are provided three visuals in front of the baby, one is the picture of normal face, one with disorders and one with blank page, the result says that even a one-day old baby preferred to look at the normal face based on the staring-eyes theory. To conclude, the origin of knowledge is fundamental for human legacy.
Johan Chrisnata
XI BC - 08
Felik Junvianto - Exercise 92
The book’s content is to explain about consensus theory in sociology, which described that there were several standard social norms and that deviant behavior will be recognized as violation against those social norms. That deviance is just a particular of behavior, and people who behave deviant would tend to be recognized as social deviants. Usually, those around them would act normally while in the society. For the addition, the labeling theory has a disagreement on this approach, saying that deviance is just only a label that attached onto that behavior. Labeling theory proposes that people who are labeled as having social disorders may be reflecting social expectation.
Rosenhan’s study was to discover the effect of false diagnosis on the treatment of patients in a psychiatric hospital. The investigator who were not having any schizophrenia reported symptoms typical of the disorder and were labeled at intake as schizophrenia. Even if they were behaving normally, the hospital staff never stop to interpret their behavior as abnormal. Rosenhan suggest that the expectations established by the label can determine the treatment of patients even when the syndrome do not support the original diagnosis.
According to the consensus theory, or the structural functionalism, a deviant behaviour is a violation of standard social norms. This theory was created in the 1950s. Today, the labelling theory, a more modern theory, is preferred instead of the consensus theory.
The labelling theory was illustrated by the Rosenhan study. The purpose of this study is to know how initial diagnosis affected the treatment given. Investigators who were not suffering schizophrenia reported symptoms typical of the disorder. They were then labelled as schizophrenics. As a result, the hospital staffs were acting as if they were abnormal, while the other patients thought that they were normal. This study illustrates that labels create expectations, and will influence the treatment method, even with the absence of the symptoms
Noah Riandiputra
XI-BC/15
Kevin Adrian Immanuel
Exercise 92 : Academic Topics
Writing Answer
The textbook is talking about the abnormal psychology and the history about it. and there is labelling theory, that is make a mark on someone that’s having abnormal disorders or is a social deviants. This will affect the behaviors of the labelled person.
The purpose of Rosenhan study was to determine how initial diagnosis schizophrenia affect. The investigators that is normal, they report symptom, then labelled, because it will take 2 months for us to know wether the person infected by schizophrenia or not. The labels make expectations, and the expectations make influence. So, labels create expectations, and influence treatment in absence of symptoms.
Exercise 93 : Academic Topics Again
Writing Answer
The textbook is talking about the technique developed by Robert Frantz to show the infant’s preferences. And the experiment by Johnson and colleagues and the result was that young babies were preferred to look at the correctly drawn face than the scrambled one. It was said that infants do not have communication skills, but they can show it from their preferrences.
The lecture from Elizabeth Spelke. She already do high number of experiance in preference & starring about what children reognize.
Billy Sugiarto
This textbook passage tells us about that in 1950s, the field of sociology embraced consensus theory where there were standard social norms and deviant behavior. Deviance means the behaviors of those people who said as a deviant usually violent or abnormal. Deviance could be defined as the violation of those social norms.
But, the theory that used now is known as labeling theory. Labeling theory said that people’s behavior may change because what the others said about those people and also the physical environment will affect too.
This labeling theory was discovered by Rosenhan. He wanted to know the effect of the wrong diagnosis. He sent some people to the psychiatric hospital and told them that they had some psychiatric disorder that they had problems about hearing. They behave normally but the staffs in the hospital keep saying that they were not normal. Until some times, they are affected by those staff.
This experiment proved that label effect diagnosis and treatment.
The textbook explains how infants state their preferences before they have communication skills. According to Robert Franz, by looking at a visual longer than the other visuals, the infant is showing a preference. In another experiment, which was conducted by Johnson and colleagues, an infant would prefer to look at the correctly drawn face of human, rather than the scrambled face of a blank. In the lecture, the professor says that human has a special ability of knowledge and is able to organize and plan about world at a rapid rate. Learning is a nature of human being, and human knowledge is a fundamental human legacy.
Noah Riandiputra
XI-BC/15
The textbook passage said that in 1950s, the consensus theory, which said that social deviants are thought as those who violated the social norms, embraced the field of sociology.
But the truth is that labeling theory is more accurate. People who are considered deviants are not the really abnormal ones, yet they who are labeled ‘different’, and an individual more likely to conform the behavior to the label they assigned.
The study from Rosenhan the lecturer just told us strengthen this theory. Rosenhan sent some investigators to several hospitals and psychiatrist, claiming that they were hearing voices. Most of the diagnosis results are schizophrenia although they are actually no symptoms. For about two months, the investigator warded without being found out by hospital staffs, although some other patients noticed that they were not ill. The “sick” label was released as the investigators claimed they stop hearing voices and soon get discharged from the hospital.
Patricia N Jonatan
XI-BC 16
Infants cannot communicate to adults like adults can do, so they do it visually. Robert Fantz made an experiment using 2 visuals, he showed 2 different pictures to the babies and look at their eyes. If the baby look at one pictures longer than the other, it means that is the preference.
Also in Johnson’s experiment that uses 3 different pictures, baby can communicate by their visual.
And the professor said about experiments by Elizabeth Spelke, she made experiments using preferential staring. By her experiment, she can speculate the cognitive skills that every human have since they were born. That’s why baby can build mental representation, numerical relationship, etc. These are related to heredity and the environment around the baby. So the origin of human knowledge is based by the human legacy.
Exercise 92
In the social environment, there must be standard behavior, and there also must be people with abnormal behavior, which was called deviance. Labeling theory said that the deviance was not created by the abnormal behavior, but the label other people put. The label could come from the environment in which the behavior take place or in which the deviant activity is encouraged.
This theory was then studied by Rosenhan. He made an experiment where he sent some investigators to some psychiatric hospitals and asked them to pretend like they were suffering a psychiatric disorder. In the hospitals, the investigators reported some symptoms to the hospital staffs, and they were labeled as schizophrenic patients even they usually acted normally.
Then, by the label, and not by the real behavior, they were claimed having deviant behavior while other parents actually were questioning whether they were really sick. From the experiment, what was written on the passage about labeling theory might be proved.
Exercise 93
Human was born together with the basic cognitive skills such as recognizing familiar objects, and mental representation of people. This skill allows infants to be able to learn and organize their own world.
In the passage, there was an experiment where infants were given two or more images, and they would be asked to choose one of the images given. The experiment was having a purpose to test the infants’ cognitive skills. Because they had not gotten the communication skill, the investigators count how long infants looked at each image. One of the experiments was that there were three images. The first one is the right image of a face, a scrambled image, and a blank page. Most of the infants tested chose the right image. Then it was proved that infants already got the basic cognitive skills.
This fact could mean that human learning was part of nature. And this fact could be also used as the argument in the relation of heredity and environment.
Natasia Yosua Yahya
XI BC
LABELING AND HUMAN TREATMENT
Consensus theory is a theory that make some standard social norms. People who act differently from the standard could justify as social deviants. In, labeling theory, it seems that there is some probability that someone who is labeled will change their behavior or habit to be like what they are labeled.
Rosenham studied about the effect of labeling for human treatment. He go to psychiatric hospital and found some facts. Such as, although the patient act normally when the checking time, the staffs there would think that they are not normal. Why? Because they are already make expectation that all the patients there are not normal, they are schizophrenic. Rosenhan found that labels make expectation, that will influence the others behavior and treatment.
NATURAL COMMUNICATION SKILL
Babies are still can not communicate, but we can know what they choose from they head and eye movement. Robert Fants make an experiment with a baby. He give the baby two visual choices. Although the baby can not speak what visual that he or she preferred, we can know it because the baby will look at one visual longer than the other one.
From Fants’ experiment, a professor from Harvard University know that baby have some general knowledge. Baby knowledge is human legacy. Baby will learn to recognize human, things, and their world. Learn is part of human being.
Laurensia M.A.
XI BC/11
Exercise 92
The textbook tells about the history of abnormal behaviour. In 1950, it started with consensus theory or structuralfunctioanlism, and deviant behavour which is the opposite of the standard social norms.
Recently, a new theory known as labeling theory explains that deviance is not merely a form of behaviour. But a label that always stick to the behaviour.
The rosenhan study discover the false diagnosis effect on the treatment to the patient who psycological sick. The investigator who wasn’t suffering from schizophernia were finally labeled as schizophremic. Even they behaved like a normal person but they still interpreted as abnormal by the hospital staff. The study conclude taht the expectations establised by label can determine the treatment to the patient even the symptoms do not support.
Exercise 93
The texbook explains about the technique that will allow infants to state their preferrence. Robert frantz developed technique that take infants as a subject that presented with 2 visual choices while jhonson and colleagues experiment used baby shown 3 visual.
The lecture from Elizabeth Spelke conclude the foundation of human learning is for human being and the origin of human knowledge is fundamental human legacy.
VICIANO LEE
Infants do not have the ability to state their preferences, so the analysis needs inference. A research developed from Robert Franz was done. First, a baby was shown three images. First a face of human in correct position. Second another face with the facial features disordered. Third a blank image, no faces at all. Those images was put over the infants’ head and move back and forth to one side to the other. The infants chose to look at the image he or she prefers, the one with normal face, longer. Even the one day old baby did the same.
A professor from Havard found t
hat there are basic cognitive skill to distinguish human as a species from the time he or she were born. The skill to interpret object, special, and numerical features. This is why a baby is able to learn new things rapidly. Tendencies to learn are parts of nature, because the origin of knowledge is fundamentally human legacy.
Patricia XI-BC 16
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